The Babylonian Empire. 2. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. 9, pp. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. "17. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. 20712, Brinkman, J. The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. 412-18. Jahresband, 1969, pp. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). Genesis 2:14 gives the location of the Garden of Eden. At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. Paper, 1956, p. 252). It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. (10)" . Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 23. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. Related Content They had encountered many different kingdoms and tribes before they reached their destination. Volume 2 Kardunia. Who were the kassites in the Bible? 3, 1973, pp. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, two new empires rose to power. 55, pp. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. 23342, J. [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. 210 f.). Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. 38, no. Last modified August 03, 2011. Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Volume 1 Kardunia. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. World History Encyclopedia. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. World History Encyclopedia. 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. 3, 1982, pp. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. 1/2, 1981, pp. kassites in the bible. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. They date the fall of Babylon to ca. Agum the prince (? There, they are associated with the city of Ur and the Biblical patriarch Abraham, who was born in Ur. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. 165-74. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Schneider, Thomas (2003). 86 ff.). 95 ff. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. We care about our planet! Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. 2, 2004, pp. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). XVI, Fasc. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Ran Zadok, "KASSITES,"Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites (accessed on 13May2015). 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. 17-22. Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. A. 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. For less than $1 a week, you'll get devotionals, Bible study guides, thematic studies, and much more! Aarhus Univ. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. Kassites and Assyrians. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. 685685, Malko, Helen. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. to 540 B.C. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Your email address will not be published. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. Roman Empire Map - that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: Its about events 700-1000 years later. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." 43 f.; cf. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Learn how your comment data is processed. 11, No. In time, a new dynasty emerged. 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. Bill T. Arnold. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. Kassites. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. 17 ff. According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. A.. "1. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. Raphael Kutscher memorial volume, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Occasional Publications 1, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) License. Kassite period. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. Leiden: BRILL. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) Books Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. Kassite and Elamite Kings". Donbaz, Veysel. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. [30] That ruler initiated significant building efforts in Ur and other southern Mesopotamia cities. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. World History Encyclopedia. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp.
